A) Migration is more likely to occur out of higher unemployment areas.
B) Migration is more likely to occur during recoveries than during recessions.
C) Migration is more likely to be observed when the distances are long.
D) Migration is less likely to occur from Quebec than from other provinces.
E) Younger workers are expected to migrate more than older workers.
G) A) and B)
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A) All services that the public sector provides are indispensable.
B) Public sector managers can escape accountability for their management decisions.
C) Taxpayers are often well-informed about the public debt.
D) Tax revenues continue to flow in even if the services are not provided in the event of a strike.
E) Future taxpayers have little representation in the current political process, and can be saddled with public debt.
G) All of the above
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A) are wages below the market equilibrium wage.
B) refer to wages at the level of a competitive equilibrium.
C) are generated by the intersection of labour supply and labour demand.
D) clear the labour market as there is no unemployment.
E) constitute rents to the workers who receive them.
G) A) and D)
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A) inter-firm wage differentials.
B) inter-regional wage differentials.
C) inter-industry wage differentials.
D) inter-occupational wage differentials.
E) public/private differentials.
G) None of the above
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A) short run demand changes.
B) persistent supply and demand imbalances.
C) non-competitive factors operating in markets.
D) non-pecuniary differences in the nature of jobs.
E) None of the choices are correct.
G) B) and D)
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A) Public sector workers tend to have a higher degree of job security.
B) The skills and education levels of these workers is lower than that of their private sector counterparts.
C) The demand for labour in the public sector is often quite wage inelastic.
D) Public sector workers are less heavily unionized than their private sector counterparts.
E) Public sector workers have less fringe benefits than their private sector counterparts.
G) B) and E)
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A) The unobserved heterogeneity principle
B) The compensating differentials approach (non pecuniary benefits)
C) The efficiency wage approach
D) The political versus profit constraint principle
E) The non-competitive market approach
G) A) and B)
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A) older; shorter benefit period
B) younger; longer benefit period
C) older; longer benefit period
D) younger; shorter benefit period
E) None of the choices are correct.
G) B) and D)
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A) They support the neoclassical theory of labour market equilibrium.
B) They can explain the existence of wage differentials across regions, industries, or occupations even if the labour market is very competitive.
C) They are the primary factor generating the public sector/private sector wage differential.
D) They are necessary in order to efficiency wage differentials to exist.
E) They are closely linked to the firm size effect on wages.
G) B) and E)
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B
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A) The political constraint replaces the profit constraint facing private sector employers.
B) Tax revenues continue to flow in even if the services are not provided in the event of a strike.
C) Public sector employers typically do not have to pay the going wage.
D) Future taxpayers have little representation in the current political process, and can be saddled with public debt.
E) The public sector employer can compel payment for the services that its workers provide.
G) D) and E)
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A) better expected availability of social services.
B) less expected variability of income.
C) better expected employment opportunities.
D) expected income gains.
E) None of the choices are correct, as they all apply.
G) None of the above
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A) Workers in the public sector have lower earnings than workers in the private sector.
B) Workers in the public sector have earnings equal to workers in the private sector.
C) Workers in the public sector have lesser endowments of wage determining factors such as education.
D) The public sector premium, holding all other factors constant, is higher for skilled and educated workers than it is for lesser skilled workers.
F) A) and B)
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A) Wages are perfectly equalized across sectors, as workers with different skills choose the sector in which they earn more than in any other job.
B) People choose their occupation (or type of job or employer) on the basis of comparative advantage.
C) Comparative advantage results in a selection bias since workers with different sets of observed and unobserved skills tend to sort themselves into different jobs or occupations.
D) A market clearing equilibrium holds because no worker would prefer to switch to a different kind of job in equilibrium.
E) Most workers earn rents in equilibrium in the sense that the wage in the job they choose is higher than what they would get in other jobs.
G) A) and B)
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A) It is more likely to occur when the wage gains are expected to be high.
B) It is affected by the availability of information on wages and employment conditions.
C) It is dampened by imperfect capital markets which make it difficult for many individuals to finance a move.
D) It is modeled as a marginal cost and marginal benefit decision.
E) In the long run, it will generally erase inter-regional disparities in wages.
G) A) and B)
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A) wage structures by region.
B) wage structures by characteristics of the labour force.
C) wage structures by public sector versus private sector.
D) wage structures across occupations.
E) None of the choices are correct.
G) A) and E)
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A) interindustrial migration of workers
B) rent sharing between labour and capital
C) non-pecuniary characteristics of an industry
D) efficiency wages
E) non-competitive factors
G) C) and D)
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A) By comparing the desirability or the undesirability of their working conditions with those of other workers.
B) By comparing their wages to wage norms in other industries
C) By comparing the educational attainment of the labour force with that of other workers
D) By surveying the workers and asking them whether they think that their wages are too high
E) By the existence of long queues of qualified workers whenever there are vacancies, and witnessing few quits
G) A) and E)
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E
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A) occupational premiums.
B) unobserved heterogeneity
C) industry premiums.
D) family background.
E) regional premiums.
G) B) and C)
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B
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A) Efficiency wage premiums are obtained through union power.
B) The efficiency wage is greater than the competitive, market clearing wage.
C) An efficiency wage is designed to incite more efficient labour from the worker.
D) Efficiency wage premiums are paid voluntarily by employers without pressure from the workers.
E) Efficiency wages are sometimes used to support industrial policies
G) D) and E)
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A) a function relating an individual's earnings to his/her level of professional training in the particular field.
B) a function relating an individual's earnings to his/her characteristics that determine productivity.
C) a function relating an individual's earnings to his/her family background.
D) a function relating an individual's earnings to his/her professional background.
E) a function relating an individual's earnings to his/her ability.
G) A) and D)
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